Article Structure:Brief Historical Background
Natural Abilities and Other Stable Characteristics
Does Practice and Experience Inevitably Lead to Maximal Performance?
Preparation Time Required for Attainment of Exceptional Performance
The Role of Deliberate Practice
Characteristics of Deliberate Practice
Comparison of Deliberate Practice to Other Types of Domain-Related Activities
Theoretical Framework for the Acquisition of Expert Performance
Attainment Expert Performance
Resource Constraint
Effort Constraint
Motivational Constraint
Implications for Empirical Studies
Study 1
Method
Subjects
Procedure
Results
Biographic Information
Ratings of Everyday and Musical Activities
Diaries
Estimates of Weekly Duration of Various Activities
Retrospective Estimates of Practice During Musical Development
Summary of Results of Study 1
Study 2
Method
Subjects
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Biographic Background
Diaries
Retrospective Estimates of Practice During Musical Development
Music Performance: Validation of Differences in Piano Performance
Performance in Skill-Related Tasks
Relation Between Accumulated Practice and Performance in Skill-Related Tasks
Summary of Results of Study 2
The Framework Applied to Several Domains of Expertise
Relation Between Starting Age and Performance
Weekly Amount of Practice and Performance During the Development of Elite Performance
Maximal Levels of Deliberate Practice Sustained Over Extended Periods
An Account of Individual Differences in Elites Performance in Terms of Deliberate Practice
General Discussion
Distinct Physical Characteristics of Elite Performers
Early Demonstrated Abilities Assumed TO Reflect Innate Talent
General Difficulties of Predicting Ultimate Performance From Initial Performance:
Qualitative Differences Acquired Through Extended Practice
The Role of Perceived Talent, Motivation, and Predisposition for Practice
ConclusionReferences
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